Hot Tapping Essays

Hot Tapping Essays Hot Tapping Essay Hot Tapping Essay Hot tap operationâ is a combinationâ of numerous factors, welding is just one of them,though its basic for any hot tapping activity. Note Hot Tap could prompt genuine fatalities if not done appropriately. Since you referenced about Shells DEP, it would be ideal if you note these DEPs are all around regarded in the business. That doesn't mean whats composed is completely irrefutable, however therere great basis on whats written in the DEPs. DEP 31. 38. 60. 10-Gen, HOT-TAPPING ON PIPELINES, PIPING AND EQUIPMENT is very point by point. Some significant concentrates are pertinent to your inquiries and would clear the questions why theâ practice of hot tapping isn't allowed when in doubt. Support FOR HOT-TAPPING:- Hot-tapping is conceivably risky and thusly should possibly be embraced when congruity of administration is basic or shutdown of the framework is unrealistic and when it is demonstrated to be in fact practical and to offer an unmistakable bit of leeway over other options. Theâ advantage might be monetary and, in certain circumstances, the security and ecological risksâ may be not exactly those related with progressively traditional strategies. A choice on whether hot-tapping is to be applied will be founded on cautious contemplations including at any rate the accompanying perspectives: * wellbeing; * state of the channel/gear viable; * arrangement of the association; * code/legal prerequisites; * working conditions; * specialized abilities of the boring hardware under the working conditions (pressure,â temperature, nature of item); * related welding issues; * financial viewpoints; * ecological/contamination angles. On the off chance that hot-tapping is to be applied under conditions moving toward the specialized or operationalâ limits as characterized in this DEP, pro counsel ought to be looked for. MATERIALS:- This DEP is pertinent just to hot-tapping on carbon, carbon-manganese and high-quality low-composite prepares (e. g. ISO 3183 L245 to L485 or API 5L grades B to X70). Materials for pipelines and on-plot funneling will agree to the necessities of the channeling classes DEP 31. 38. 01. 12-Gen. furthermore, DEP 31. 38. 01. 15 Gen. In the event that it is proposed to hot-tap therâ materials, authority materials/welding engineers will be counseled and a particular system will be created. Current experience is constrained to L450 (X65) materials (see likewise BS 6990) and along these lines extraordinary consideration ought to be given to methods to be created for higher evaluation materials. It will be guaranteed that during the welding activity the material in the district of the weld poo l has adequate solidarity to contain securely the inner weight and stay away from a victory. The danger of victory is needy upon an intricate cooperation of welding conditions, pipe material, pipe thickness, pipe temperature and circle pressure. For materials of yield quality notâ greater than 450 N/mm2, working at temperatures of not more noteworthy than 350  °C and withâ a band worry of not more prominent than 72 % of the predefined least yield pressure, victory can be forestalled during welding gave the base channel thickness isn't under 5 mm. The genuine least divider thickness will be dictated by ultrasonic testing. For other materialsâ or conditions, a base channel thickness will be resolved, in view of either specificâ previous experience as well as information from preliminaries. NOTE: For a few items, because of concoction response, the sheltered channel temperature may be a lot of lower than350  °C (See likewise BS 6990). Fitting and branch material will be of a sort and grade perfect with the material of the run-funnel to be hot-tapped, including acrid help prerequisites where appropriate. Hot-tap welding ought not typically be performed on materials which require post-weld heatâ treatment. Be that as it may, if stress assuaging or post-weld heat treatment is required, a specialistâ shall be counseled to survey whether it is doable to make the particular hot-tapping activity with post-weld heat treatment. Note: Stress-mitigating might be required if a material is vulnerable to stretch consumption splitting and post-weld heat treatment might be determined by the plan code if the divider thickness is more prominent than a specific cutoff. Welding will not be performed on lined, clad or inside covered channel. Hot-tap welding will not be performed on the accompanying materials:  any material with a most extreme reasonable working temperature more noteworthy than 370  °C; pipelines and on-plot funneling where the base permissible working temperature is not exactly - 20  °C. For least admissible working temperatures between - 20  °C and 0  °C, additional consideration will be given to guaranteeing satisfactory material sturdiness  PROCESS FLUIDS:-  Hot tapping will just be performed under the accompanying conditions: the contained procedure luids stay stable when exposed to the high metal temperatures (see 3. 3) during welding; the procedure liquids stay stable when in contact with air during penetrating and puncturing tasks; there will be no disintegration or substance response between segments of the contained liquid (blast, start, exothermic response); there will be no compound response between the liquid and the hot regulation wall(burning, (stress) consumption, embrittle ment). These necessities lead to various circumstances in which welding tasks are precluded on hardware which contains: Mixtures of gases or fumes inside their combustible range or which may get combustible because of warmth contribution to welding activities.  Substances which may experience response or disintegration prompting a dangerousâ increase in weight, blast or assault on metal. In this unique circumstance, consideration is drawn toâ the plausibility that under specific mixes of focus, temperature andâ pressure, acetylene, ethylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons may decomposeâ  explosively, started by a welding problem area.  How about LPG-Does it fit into this class Oxygen-advanced airs within the sight of hydrocarbons which might be presentâ  either in the environment or kept within surface of the gear or channel. Compacted air within the sight of hydrocarbons which might be available either in the airâ  or stored within surfaces of the gear or funnel. Vapo rous blends in which the halfway weight of hydrogen surpasses 700 kPa (ga),except where proof from tests has shown that hot-tapping can be doneâ â safely. In light of the abovementioned, welding on gear or funnel which containsâ hazardous substancesâ  or conditionsâ as recorded beneath (even in little amounts) will not be performed unlessâ  positive proof has been acquired that welding/hot tapping can be applied securely. Substances:   Acetylene;Acetonitrile;Butadiene;Caustic soda;*Chlorine;Compressed air at a weight more than 3 000 kPa (ga);Ethylene;Ethylene oxide;Fat/lean DEA/MEA;HP steam (pressure more than 5 000 kPa (ga));Hydrogen (fractional weight more than 700 kPa (ga)); Hydrogen sulphide;*Hydrofluoric acid;Oxygen;Propene;Propene oxide;â  Sulphuric corrosive; I would think if the earth contains both LPG (which is combustible) and 2500 ppm of H2S which could be poisonous if there should arise an occurrence of any leakage,â a appropriate way is channel the lineâ cleanse and afterward perform hot tapping or weld followed by PWHT as required. Not just that wet H2S could cause ordinary issues identified with wet H2S breaking. Subsequently you have to build up a welding technique with controlled hardness. The connected article is a decent educative report on hot tapping in sharp administrations.

How does Golding convey Jack’s regression to a more savage state? :: English Literature

How does Golding pass on Jack’s relapse to an increasingly savage state? William Golding passes on Jack’s relapse to a progressively savage state in various ways. One of the manners by which he does this is by utilizing the setting. The way that wild plants and creepers are developing nearly wherever around Jack is an average generalization of crude land. Jack didn't appear to be attempting to maintain a strategic distance from them, which could recommend that he has just begun becoming acclimated to them, as a savage or crude being would be. Likewise, Jack had not arranged how he was going to take when going through the timberland; rather, he just followed swoon trails and trusted they would lead him to what he needed. By doing this, he was at that point having a similar outlook as a savage. Jack appeared to have a nearby association with the timberland that he was chasing in. With just little signs, he had the option to understand that the woods was possessed as different animals, animals that he was attempting to chase. Additionally, Golding depicts the backwoods like he portrays Jack, for instance when he says ‘the woods and he were very still’. This stresses the nearby association between the two. Another manner by which the creator passes on Jack’s relapse to a more savage state is by causing him to appear to be progressively creature like. Savages are thought of more as creatures than individuals, along these lines the creature like portrayal is exceptionally powerful to show Jack coming back to his savage roots. While looking for prey, he was portrayed as a canine in more than one way, ‘his nose was just a couple of creeps from the muggy earth’, just like a pooch or wolf chases, and ‘dog-like, he was awkward on all fours’. There were additionally some progressively unobtrusive manners by which he was in a roundabout way contrasted with creatures that were savage-like. He was getting hairier than he was previously, much the same as a primate. This proposes the inversion of development. Additionally, he was practically exposed, aside from his blade belt. This much like a savage or creature, however the way that he was not in the slightest degree humiliated by this was much progressively huge. In our present day world, strolling around bare would be thought of as a no-no and is even illicit in a great deal of spots, yet in the time that savages were near, it was basic for them to stroll around wearing near nothing. This is actually the perspective that Jack needs to return to in request to chase like a savage. Jack was likewise beginning to utilize his detects all the more viably like creatures. ‘His nostrils flared’.

Questions to Ask Yourself Before You Divorce

Questions to Ask Yourself Before You Divorce Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Questions to Ask Yourself Before You Divorce By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Updated on February 21, 2020 Glow Images, Inc/Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse So, you have gotten to a point in your marriage where you are seriously considering divorce. This decision has potentially serious negative consequences for you, your spouse, and those you are close to within your life. It is a choice that must be thought through deliberately and carefully. What Has Gotten You to the Point Where Divorce Is the Option? This is complicated and it will be difficult for you to be objective. Have you  grown apart and become disconnected? Have your conflicts been handled poorly? Are you avoidant and unwilling to communicate? Some people say that their feelings are gone. This is a sad and painful place to be. If you are having an affair, then you will not have a clear idea about your feelings towards your spouse. It is completely unrealistic to compare your spouse with your new lover. Feelings were once there or there never would have been a second date, much less a marriage. To get your feelings back, you must be willing to put behavior before feelings. Acting as if you have loving feelings may have a very surprising and positive impact on your interactions with your spouse. If you are not willing to look at your own contributions to the state of your marriage, you will most certainly carry some of your problems into your next relationship. It is imperative for you to think about what you need to change. Why not practice that with your spouse? Solid Ways to Strengthen a Marriage and Avoid Divorce What Have You Done to Try to Fix the Problems? If you have never been to marriage counseling together, then what would be the downside to trying? Alternatively, maybe you did try, but it was not your best effort. Perhaps the therapist you chose was not a good fit for one or both of you. Or, as is sometimes the case, one or both of you were not completely honest about everything. At this crisis point in your marriage, seek out a highly qualified marriage therapist.??  Now is also not the time to be cheap about it. This is too important a decision. Chances are you both have been poor problem solvers regarding your marital issues and need professional help. Go into counseling with an agenda for change in yourself, not what you want to change in your partner, to have a much better chance of success. What Will the Impact Be on Your Children? If you have children that are still at home, you must think through how this will affect their lives. This will be something that will change them in significant ways regardless of how smooth you believe the divorce process will be for you and your spouse. Contrary to what you might be telling yourself unless there is a significant amount of conflicts  such as loud and frequent fighting or abuse, your kids just want a home with you both in it. Research shows that kids do better emotionally with you together, even if you are unhappy, rather than divorced.?? Having two households is not fun for them and it may actually not be for you. You may even come to regret your divorce, as many people do. Will you be okay with your spouses new romantic partner being around your kids? You will not be able to control this. Blended families pose lots of complications. The divorce rate is worse for subsequent marriages.?? Since the odds are not in your favor, why not try to make your current situation better? What Were the Best Times in Your Relationship? When have you felt the most connection with your spouse? What was happening when you felt the most joy and happiness? Think about what attracted you to your partner. What traits did you fall in love with (even if they may be making your crazy now)? Only focus at this moment on the positives. Are you able to imagine getting back to that place? If you can imagine it, chances are you can get there with the right process. Do not stay in the bubble of indecisiveness for too long. It may seem comfortable, but you really just have three choices: (1) remain the same and continue along as-is, (2) move toward separation and divorce, (3) try an all-out effort to reconcile. Ambivalence, or “sitting on the fence,” can be worked through and is best done with the right professional.?? In fact, a process called discernment counseling  has proven to be highly effective at helping couples on the brink of divorce work through their decision rather than stay indefinitely in a place of indecisiveness and unhappiness. There are also a few books for those more interested in self-help: ?Divorce Busting  by Michele Weiner-DavisDivorce Remedy  by Michele Weiner-DavisShould I Try to Work It Out?: A Guidebook for Individuals and Couples at the Crossroads of Divorce  by Alan Hawkins, Tamara Fackrell,  and  Steven Harris Even if you are both on different pages right now, it is time to face this difficult situation. At the very least, your vows obligate you to work on a troubled marriage before giving up.

Ethical Issues in Journalism - 2922 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION: Journalists are professional people, trying to work within a code of professional ethics. This includes the need to be fair to all parties involved in any news story. However, journalists cannot operate in a vacuum, doing what they think is right without pressures being put on them. Journalists face pressure from a variety of sources, all trying to make the journalist behave in a way which is not the way the journalist would choose. It is important that you try to resist all these forms of pressure, as far as possible. Of course, you will sometimes fail. This is an imperfect world, and journalists are also imperfect. Nevertheless, you should always try to resist the kinds of pressure. Some of the issues†¦show more content†¦What should you do about this kind of pressure? The first thing which any junior journalist should do is to report it to their editor. It will be for the editor to decide what to do. He or she will need to resist the employer as far as possible, pointing out the dangers of failing to report the news fully and fairly. The main danger is that readers or listeners, who already know of the event which is being suppressed, realize that it is not being reported and so lose confidence in the newspaper, radio or television station involved. This may, in the long run, result in more serious problems for ministers than some short-term embarrassment, and may do more long-term damage to your organization’s finances than the loss of one advertiser. The truth is, though, that your power to resist pressure from your employer is limited. You can only do your best, and accept that the rest is beyond your control. 2.3 Authority Both government-owned and commercial news media may face pressure from authority - the government, the police, customs, or some other branch of authority. Governments can threaten, or make, laws to force all news media to be licensed. This would give them power to grant licenses only to those news organizations which please the government. Even the threat to introduce such legislation may be enough to frighten journalists, andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues On Civil Journalism2970 Words   |  12 Pagescapabilities, there is an urgent need to identify news sources that are genuinely journalistic.’ (Meyers, Wyatt, Borden, Wasserman.) What I wish to bring out and elaborate in this paper are the ethical issues on how civil journalism, despite the acceptance and cooperation with professional journalism, is differentiated from its professional and vetted track. With the growth of technology and the ability to capture images, videos, and sounds along with the ease to distribute it to others eitherRead MoreAn Analysis of Quinns Accepting Manipulation or Manipulating Whats Acceptable?1578 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectivity of journalism with the coming of the digital age, and the increasing role that digital/information technology plays in media that reports or represents reality. Quinn begins his 2004 paper with the mention of the transition of non-digital/traditional photography into mainly digital photography with respect to journalism. More than just the changing of the photographic platform and format, Quinn notes the role that computer software that specializes in photographic manipulation in journalism. EarlyRead MoreEssay on The Watergate Scandal1199 Words   |  5 Pages June 17, 1972 forever changed both journalism and politics. A simple botched break-in marked the downfall of President Richard Nixon, and the rise to glory of two obscure young Washington Post journalists: Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. While their investigative journalism revealed the truth, their questionable methods and ethics have led to these questions; Do the ends justify the means? Was their behavior ethical and legal? The Watergate Scandal was a major political scandal duringRead MoreAndrew Stephens s Beyond News : The Future Of Journalism891 Words   |  4 Pagesobjective because we have biases and a variety of conflicts that we bring to our jobs. Mitchell Stephens, author of Beyond News: The Future of Journalism offers an argument against objectivity. Stephens states that objectivity is impossible because as much as one may try to disappear from the work, there is a kind of meditation that takes place in journalism no matter what, (117). By selecting who to interview or which side of a complex political dispute to air, journalists are evaluating and judgingRead MoreEssay on Codes of Practice1513 Words   |  7 Pagesworkforce we align with our ethical values to our employers, their values are shown through a company’s codes of practice. A code of practice is adopted by a profession or by a governmental or non-governmental organization to regulate that profession. A code of practice may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which will discuss difficult issues, difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and provide a clear account of what behaviour is considered ethical or correct or rightRead More1) What Ethical Principles Should a Reporter Follow in Reporting/Writing a News Story to Ensure It Meets the Standards of Professional Journalism?1454 Words   |  6 Pagespeople are place importance on journalism ¡Ã‚ ¦s ethics. It is because everything that a journalist writes or says, or neglects to write or to say, in some or other way has an influence on many people, and that influences can be good or bad. The principles of good journalism are directed toward bringing the highest quality of news reporting to the public, this fulfilling the mission of timely distribution of information in servic e of the public interest. Therefore, ethical rhetoric is a important factorRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Regarding Technology : Ethical Dilemma1596 Words   |  7 Pages Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Technology An ethical dilemma is a situation where one must choose between two conflicting options, which are all morally correct. It is worth to note that ethics and morals are not easy to separate, as they both define what human behaviour should be at all times. The two aspects address issues of right and wrong as pertains to different walks of life. Cultural norms usually determine the ethical behaviour of a society, and these norms would inform people’s take on rightRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Rice Domestic Violence1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthey reported on the incident fairly, they said that both Ray Rice and his wife made mistakes, and they did not favor the victim or the perpetrator. The last statement in the video could not be more true, it is not about them it is about the issue. The issue of domestic violence should be talked about repeatedly anytime a case like this happens. I feel that if you commit an act of domestic violence you should pay for it. It does not matter to me if you are a celebrity, athlete, politician, or JoeRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Burned And Shattered Glass1730 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in regard to specific disciplines. (n.d.) In the field of journalism and communications, there is no difference. Ethics helps practitioners in this field fulfill the purposes expected of the media. These purposes include but are not limited to enlightening the public and safeguarding the rights of the individual. Professionals in the media have a responsibility to report the truth and express accountability. An axiom of journalism is to seek truth and report it. However, many individuals struggleRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The Society Of Professional Journalists1054 Words   |  5 Pagesaccountable. Each of them considers a list of normative guidelines to orient the ethical decision-making process within a newsroom. In any case, the SPS’ orientations are framed by a utilitarian approach to ethics: Due to the voluntary character of t he code, the Code attempts to advising more than requiring and, in that sense, the recommended procedures and activities in which journalists should engage to accomplish an ethical work are oriented to journalists as individuals instead of a collective. In

Discovering the Occupations of Your Ancestors

Do you know what your ancestors did for a living? Researching ancestral jobs and occupations can teach you a great deal about the people who make up your family tree, and what life was like for them. An individuals occupation may give insight into their social status or to their place of origin. Occupations can also be used to distinguish between two individuals of the same name, often an essential requirement in genealogy research. Certain skilled occupations or trades may have been passed down from father to son, providing indirect evidence of a family relationship. Its even possible that your surname derives from the occupation of a distant ancestor. Finding An Ancestors Occupation When researching your family tree, it is usually fairly easy to discover what your ancestors did for a living, as work has often been something used to define the individual. As such, occupation is an often listed entry in birth, marriage and death records, as well as census records, voter lists, tax records, obituaries and many other types of records. Sources for information on your ancestors occupations include: Census Records - A good first stop for information on your ancestors job history, census records in many countries—including the U.S. census, British census, Canadian census, and even French census—list the primary occupation of at least the head of household. Since censuses are usually taken every 5-10 years, depending upon the location, they may also reveal changes in working status over time. If youre U.S. ancestor was a farmer, the U.S. agricultural census schedules will tell you what crops he grew, what livestock and tools he owned, and what his farm  produced.   City Directories - If your ancestors lived in an urban location or larger community, city directories are a possible source for occupational information. Copies of many older  city directories can be found online on subscription-based  websites such as Ancestry.com and  Fold3.com. Some free sources of digitized historical books such as  Internet Archive also may have copies online. Those that cant be found online may be  available on microfilm or through libraries in the area of interest. Tombstone, Obituary and other Death Records  - Since many people define themselves by what they do for a living, obituaries generally mention the individuals former occupation and, sometimes, where they worked. Obituaries may also indicate membership in occupational or fraternal organizations. Tombstone inscriptions, while more brief, may also include clues to occupation or fraternal memberships.   Social Security Administration - SS-5 Application RecordsIn the United States, the Social Security Administration keeps track of employers and employment status, and this information can generally be found in the SS-5 application form that your ancestor filled out when applying for a Social Security Number. This is a good source for the employers name and address of a deceased ancestor. U.S. Military Draft RecordsAll males in the United States  between the ages of 18  and 45  were required by law to register for the World War One draft throughout 1917 and 1918, making WWI draft records a rich source of  information on millions of American males born between about 1872 and 1900, including occupation and employment information. Occupation and employer can also be found in World War II draft registration records, completed by millions of men living in America between 1940 and 1943. Wills and  probate records, military pension records, such as Civil War union pension records, and death certificates are other good sources for occupational information.   What is an Aurifaber? Occupation Terminology Once you find a record of your ancestors occupation, you may be puzzled by the terminology used to describe it. Headswoman and hewer, for instance, are not occupations you commonly come across today. When you run across an unfamiliar term, look it up in the Glossary of Old Occupations Trades. Keep in mind, that some terms may be associated with more than one occupation, depending upon the country. Oh, and in case you are wondering, an aurifaber is an old term for goldsmith.   What Made My Ancestor Choose This Occupation? Now that youve determined what your ancestor did for a living, learning more about that occupation may provide you with additional insight into your ancestors life. Begin by trying to determine what might have influenced your ancestors choice of occupation. Historical events and immigration often shaped the occupational choices of our ancestors. My great-grandfather, along with many other unskilled European immigrants looking to leave behind a life of poverty with no promise of upward mobility, immigrated to western Pennsylvania from Poland in the early 20th century, and found employment in the steel mills and, later, the coal mines.   What Was Work Like for My Ancestors? Finally, to learn more about your ancestors day-to-day work life, you have a variety of resources available to you: Search the Web by occupation name and location. You may find other genealogists or historians who have created engaging Web pages full of facts, pictures, stories and other information on that particular occupation. Old newspapers may include stories, ads, and other information of interest. If your ancestor was a teacher you may find descriptions of the school or reports from the school board. If your ancestor was a coal miner, you may find descriptions of the mining town, pictures of the mines and miners, etc. Thousands of different historical newspapers  from around the world can be accessed online. Fairs, festivals, and museums often afford the opportunity to watch history in action through historical reenactments. Watch a lady churn butter, a blacksmith shoe a horse, or a soldier recreate a military skirmish. Take a tour of a coal mine or a ride a historic railroad and experience the life of your ancestor first hand. How to Learn Your Ancestors Occupation Visit your ancestors hometown. Especially in cases where a lot of residents of a town held the same job (a coal mining town, for example), a visit to the town can offer the chance to interview older residents and learn some great stories about day-to-day life. Follow up with the local historical or genealogical society for even more information, and look for local museums and displays. I learned much about what life was probably like for my great-grandfather through a visit to the Frank Sylvia Pasquerilla Heritage Discover Center in Johnstown, PA, which re-creates what life was like for the Eastern European immigrants who settled the area between 1880 and 1914. Look for professional membership societies, unions, or other trade organizations related to your ancestors occupation. Current members can be a great source of historical information, and they may also maintain records on the occupation, and even past members.

Mghf Free Essays

string(77) " showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS\." Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, even areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Mghf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Huntington’s disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasian populations (Harper et al, 1991). Patients with Huntington’s disease most typically display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntington’s disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases developing in patients younger than 20 years of age or older than 60 years of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993). Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the location of the genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was after another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting transcript 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene. This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntington’s disease it expanded to more than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native cells and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is also a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993). The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters can also act to recruit normal proteins to adhere together as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the toxicity of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004). The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, especially in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001). Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions important for development in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to protect brain cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at level of Bdnf transcription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals. Wild-type huntingtin binds directly to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the toxicity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Presence of only mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001). However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntington’s disease still remains incurable to this day. However, many treatments are available for treatments of its symptoms. Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug currently in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS. You read "Mghf" in category "Essay examples" Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a reduction of 5. 0 units in chorea compared with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntington’s disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing. The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntington’s disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the risk of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntington’s disease seems to lie on several major factors including: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonomy refers to the respect for the individual’s right to make an informed decision about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life. The patients should feel no pressure from physicians or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary information to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed. Beneficience is summarized by the phrase â€Å"first do no harm† (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic information about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may include family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntington’s disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test. If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon confirmation by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated correctly in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well. For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclose any information or they will violate the confidentiality of the patient. Justice simply means equal access to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though Cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntington’s disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals wit h the condition to lead healthy and normal lives (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntington’s disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done? Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntington’s disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the knowledge to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population. Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely large. Similarly, would they still pursue to have a family and children if they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be resolved by following the ethical factors listed before. As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntington’s disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 89: 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986). Huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 4: 398-403. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell. 72: 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature. 306: 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , D’Amato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5733–5737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004). Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62: 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , O’Kusky, J. R. , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntington’s disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81: 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function: alternative approach to Huntington’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 6: 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. Brundin, P. (2003). Huntington’s disease: a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9: 414–420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , Borrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118: 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997). Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90: 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431: 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 70: 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983). Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine. Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 66: 366-72 Huggins, M. , Bloch, M. , Kanani, S. , Quarrell, O. W. , Theilman, J. , Hedrick, A. , Dickens, B. , Lynch, A. , and Hayden, M. (1990). Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: the experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47: 4-12. Lea, D. H. , Williams, J. , and Donahue, M. P. (2005). Ethical issues in genetic testing. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 550:234-240. How to cite Mghf, Essay examples

What Were the Chief Characteristics of the Roman World in the Period C. Ad 100 to C. 450 Essay Example

What Were the Chief Characteristics of the Roman World in the Period C. Ad 100 to C. 450? Essay The world of classical Rome is a complex yet interesting area of study. It can teach us a lot about the Roman and wider European past and the society we are today. Therefore study of the later Roman Empire is essential when dissecting the inner workings and fall of this powerful empire. To learn fully about this time looking at the characteristics which made up this world is essential. The following essay will discuss in detail many of the characteristics of the Roman Empire in the time period 100 AD to 450 AD including the centrality of the emperor in Roman life, the Christian church and Rome, the rise of the East Empire, the fear of the northern Barbarians and Pax Romana One of the main characteristics of the world of Late Antiquity is the centrality of the emperor in life. The Roman populace included their emperors in everything and it was hugely important that emperors were found favourable by the general public. Pliny pays further tribute to Trajan’s popularity in stating how frequently, but without compulsion, Trajan is named in his subject’s wills†[1]. This shows, emperors were so important to their people to the extreme they would even aim to pay tribute to them after their death. They found popularity amongst all levels of their people from the common people to their soldiers for example Constantine who â€Å"enjoyed great popularity w ith the soldiers†[2]. Emperors were revered, feared and honoured leaders; they were involved in almost all aspects of being even religion. Romans were a most religious people†[3] and the majority of emperors were treated as deities even in pre-Christian Rome â€Å"You do homage with a greater dread and intenser reverence to Caesar than to the Olympian Jove himself†[4]. Therefore it can be said that the importance of emperors to the people of Rome was a key characteristic of this time period considering religion was of great importance to these people and they were willing to include many emperors after Caesar as their Gods also. We will write a custom essay sample on What Were the Chief Characteristics of the Roman World in the Period C. Ad 100 to C. 450? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Were the Chief Characteristics of the Roman World in the Period C. Ad 100 to C. 450? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Were the Chief Characteristics of the Roman World in the Period C. Ad 100 to C. 450? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As well as this, the relationship between the Christian church and the Empire is undoubtedly a key characteristic of the late Roman Empire. It is seen as a â€Å"pivotal development in western history†[5], as we could indeed question would the Roman Empire have developed the same without it? In early Rome the importance of Paganism was indeed significant to daily life as â€Å"human beings were seen to be totally dependent on them [the gods]†[6] and although it indeed took over three centuries to fully make the transition from pagan to Christian, the newly established state religion was treated with the same dignity and respect. But while Christianity became incorporated in many Roman citizens’ lives â€Å"many of their daily activities still bore the mark of the old religion†[7]. Constantine the emperor who  introduced more tolerance to Christianity really respected the religion â€Å"great indeed was the emperors [Constantine] devotion to Christianity†[8] which expresses the people of Rome’s devotion to the religion. The involvement of the Christian church in daily roman life shaped the world today and as Gibbon claims the â€Å"establishment of Christianity may be considered as a very essential part of the history of the Roman Empire†[9]. The major involvement of Christianity in both the emperor and normal citizen’s lives are the main reason the association between the empire and the Christian Church could be seen as a key trait of the Roman Empire between 100 and 450 AD. â€Å"Constantinople is the new Rome†[10]. This important statement declared in 381 AD at the Council of Constantinople aptly shows the next key characteristic this essay will discuss. According to early Romans their state was the centre of the civilized world[11] and during the 300s and 400s the strange change of power became the demise of their civilization. The centre of the world shifted irreversibly eastwards†[12]. In 410 Rome fell to Alaric, this can be seen as one of the main psychological low points for the Roman Empire and the beginning of its downfall. Meanwhile â€Å"the western emperor and empire continuously lost out in power and prestige to the east†[13] Rome was quickly losing status to the gateway of the eas t. The decline of the empire was becoming a new characteristic which was never seen before. Constantinople was becoming more and more important. This shift of power was indisputably one of the most important features of the late Roman world and led to the people of the empire relying on Rome less and less, which led to the end of the western world as its people knew it. Ultimately as the century went on Constantinople and the east became more and more important, Rome was the city of their ancestors but Constantinople was the modern city of commerce. [14] â€Å"For 150 years, the mighty Roman Empire seemed unbeatable†[15]Before the 400s the Roman Empire appeared an all-powerful, strong, civilized nation. Romans considered themselves high above the barbaric tribes of the north, â€Å"the barbarians were seen only as invaders bent on the destruction of the Roman Empire and classical civilization†[16] This belief however became the Achilles heel of the empire. The Romans believed they were safe in their city, that they would never be breeched especially by the barbarians who were irrational and too passionate for proper warfare. This was proven wrong by Alaric in 410 AD in the first sacking of Rome. Within four more decades the city, which was just recovering from the first sacking was once again invaded in 455 AD by the Vandals. These continuous attacks which were never seen before were creating an atmosphere of fear and low confidence in the once powerful empire. â€Å"The sacking of Rome was never forgotten, and Romans remained haunted by a kind of collective inbred fear of hordes of barbarians returning to destroy the city†[17]. This distrust in the empire and atmosphere of anxiety over the threat of barbarian attack became embedded in the Roman psyche and was a key characteristic during this time period. These attacks lead to the Roman people completely questioning the empire even taking it as far as to ask themselves â€Å"was the turning away from the ancient gods who had protected the global empire responsible for the catastrophe? Or did that event only confirm their powerlessness? †[18] There was also even a singular and mutual distrust of elected rulers and the electoral people[19] in the empire before the attack of the barbarians. Therefore one could say fear and mistrust in the political institutions of the empire was a key characteristic between 100 AD and 450 AD especially in the later decades. The last issue this essay will discuss is perhaps not the most important aspect of the late Roman Empire but it was one the Romans identified themselves with and were proud of. After decades of expanding and consolidating the power of the empire the idea of peace in their world was â€Å"eagerly anticipated in the hope of restoring stability†[20]. Thus it is fair to say although the emperors imposed Pax Romana through law it was there by the will of the people. After decades of strife and conflict the empire was finally at peace. Emperor Vespasian was considered a hero for initiating Pax Romana. This characteristic sets this time frame apart from the rest considering in other times the empire was expanding or consolidating through military means and now there was no military fighting. This was a time when â€Å"Rome became the Roman Empire, an integrated whole†[21], and Pax Romana could be considered a direct initiator of this due to the way it united a previously feuding empire. It brought together the previously fighting tribes in the empire who now seen the Pax Romana as an end to this. â€Å"The empire gained a settled rhythm†[22] and this was held until the end of the peace. Consequently it can be said Pax Romana was a hugely important characteristic of this time which even brought the empire economic advantages[23] In conclusion, the late Roman world was still an authoritative, significant, influential place just as the pre-Christian empire had been. It was still in some ways considered the centre of civilization, culture, art and immense history. But, it was no longer the centre of the world or the only truly civilized place. It was now seen by many that Rome was no longer as important as the east.